La profesión enfermera en el ejército y en la aeronáutica española (1855-1931) / The Nursing Profession In The Spanish Army And Aeronautics. Between 1855 And 1931. A Bibliographic Review

Introducción: La asistencia a los heridos en el campo de combate crea la necesidad de integrar de una manera razonada la medicina, la táctica militar y la enfermería, consistiendo esta última en la administración de cuidados prehospitalarios, procedimientos quirúrgicos y estabilización de los heridos. Objetivo: determinar las principales funciones de la profesión enfermera en el Ejército y la Aeronáutica Españolas entre 1855 y 1931. Material y método: se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de las principales bases de datos y motores de búsqueda científicos, así como de bibliotecas especializadas en historia de la enfermería. Los criterios de inclusión han sido: documentos que analizasen las funciones de los practicantes, enfermeros y enfermeras militares; así como su rango y escalafón. Resultados: a partir del año 1855 con la organización de la Escala Facultativa, la figura de practicante militar deja de ser una figura destinada a ser un futuro médico para incorporar funciones y responsabilidades propias. La Guerra de Marruecos implicó que la logística militar se especializase, creando aeronaves para tácticas militares con la apertura del aeródromo de Cuatro Vientos (Madrid) en 1911 y realizando la primera misión de aeroevacuación española en la misma Guerra del Rif en el año 1922. No sería hasta el año 1988 cuando la mujer se pudo incorporar al Ejército como militar profesional. Conclusión: Los aportes del ejército y aeronáutica españolas a la profesión de enfermería radican principalmente en tres grandes campos, el ámbito extrahospitalario, el ámbito de la cirugía general y vascular y el campo de la traumatología. (AU)

Background: Assistance to the wounded in the combat field creates the need to integrate medicine, military tactics and nursing in a reasoned manner, the latter consisting of the administration of prehospital care, surgical procedures and stabilization of the wounded. Objective: to determine the main functions of the nursing profession in the Spanish Army and Aeronautics between 1855 and 1931. Methods: A bibliographic review of the main scientific databases and search engines, as well as specialized libraries in the history of nursing, has been carried out. The inclusion criteria were: documents that analyzed the functions of military practitioners, nurses; as well as their rank and rank. Results: Starting in 1855 with the organization of the Facultative Scale, the figure of military practitioner ceased to be a figure destined to be a future doctor to incorporate their own functions and responsibilities. The Moroccan War implied that military logistics specialized, creating aircraft for military tactics with the opening of the Cuatro Vientos aerodrome (Madrid) in 1911 and carrying out the first Spanish air evacuation mission in the same Rif War in 1922. It would not be until 1988 when the woman was able to join the Army as a professional soldier. Conclusion: The contributions of the Spanish army and aeronautics to the nursing profession lie mainly in three large fields: the extra-hospital field, the field of general and vascular surgery, and the field of traumatology. (AU)

United States Military Parachute Injuries. Part 1: Early Airborne History and Secular Trends in Injury Incidence.

This article traces the early history of military airborne operations and examines studies that have provided overall incidences of parachute-related injuries over time. The first US combat parachute assault was proposed during World War I, but the war ended before the operation could be conducted. Experimental jumps were conducted near San Antonio, Texas, in 1928 and 1929, but it was not until 1939, spurred by the developments in Germany, that the US Army Chief of Infantry proposed the development of an "air infantry." An Airborne Test Platoon was instituted with 48 men at Fort Benning, Georgia, and mass training of paratroopers began in 1940. The US entered World War II in December 1941 with the attack on Pearl Harbor and declaration of war by Germany. In January 1942, US War Department directed that four parachute regiments be formed. The 509th Parachute Infantry Battalion made the first US Army combat jumps into Morocco and Algeria in November 1942. At the US Army Airborne School in the 1940-1941 period, the parachute-related injury incidence was 27 injuries/1000 jumps; by 1993 it was 10 injuries/1000 jumps and in 2005-2006, 6 injuries/1000 jumps. Analysis of time-loss injuries in operational units showed a decline in injuries from 6 injuries/1000 jumps to 3 injuries/1000 jumps to 1 injury/1000 jumps in the periods 1946-1949, 1956-1962, and 1962-1963, respectively. When all injuries (not just time-loss) experienced in operational units are considered, the overall injury incidence was about 8 injuries/1000 jumps in the 1993- 2013 period. In jump operations involving a larger number of risk factors (e.g., high winds, combat loads, rough drop zones) injury incidences was considerably higher. The few studies that have reported on parachute-related injuries in combat operations suggest injury incidence ranged from 19 to 401 injuries/ 1000 jumps, likely because of the number of known injury risk factors present during these jumps. Despite the limitations of this analysis stemming from different injury definitions and variable risk factors, the data strongly suggest that military parachute injuries have sharply declined over time. Part 2 of this series will discuss techniques and equipment that have likely improved the safety of parachute operations.

El origen del aerotransporte sanitario en España. Una historia olvidada de la Medicina de Urgencias / Earliest air ambulance flights in Spain: a forgotten part of the history of emergency medicine

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A Surprising Alliance: Two Giants of the 20th Century.

Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh were among the most famous international figures in the 20th century: Carrel, the surgeon-scientist who won a Nobel prize as a young surgeon, and Lindbergh, the aviator-engineer who pioneered aviation and promoted commercial flight throughout his life. Surprisingly, these two amazing individuals came together to collaborate on the early development of extracorporeal circulation. Their work was interrupted by the onset of World War II, which destroyed one of them and nearly destroyed the other.

Failing to protect humanitarian workers: lessons from Britain and Voluntary Aid Detachments in the Second World War.

This paper draws on official records of international and British organizations, newspaper reports, and volunteer memoirs to study the failure to protect humanitarian workers in the Second World War. The Second World War saw a significant expansion in the use of air warfare and flying missiles and these technological advances posed a grave threat to civilians and humanitarian workers. In this context, the International Committee of the Red Cross advocated unsuccessfully to restrict air warfare and create safe hospital zones. The British Government grappled with the tension between military and humanitarian objectives in setting its bombardment policy. Ultimately, humanitarian principles were neglected in pursuit of strategic aims, which endangered civilians and left humanitarian workers particularly vulnerable. British Voluntary Aid Detachment nurses experienced more than six-fold greater fatality rates than civil defence workers and the general population. The lessons from failures to protect humanitarian workers in the face of evolutions in warfare remain profoundly relevant.

Elvira López Maurín, la primera enfermera militar de la aviación sanitaria española. La historia de un acto heroico olvidado / Elvira López Maurín, the first female soldier of Spanish healthcare aviation. Story of a heroic, forgotten act

La noche del día 1 de noviembre de 1922 marcaría el inicio de las actividades de la Aviación Sanitaria de España. En esta noche se desplazaría por primera vez un equipo quirúrgico completo, en tres aviones de guerra, desde el aeródromo de Nador (Melilla) hasta Dar-Drius con el propósito de atender a los múltiples heridos que acudían después de los combates en el frente de Tizzi Azza. A la importancia histórica de este vuelo se sumó el hecho de presentarse voluntaria la enfermera Elvira López Maurín, que por su condición de mujer, no tenía la obligación de volar en un avión de guerra en esta época. Esta valerosa actitud junto con su afán por socorrer a los heridos más allá de su deber fueron recogidos como una acción heroica en todos los medios de comunicación. En los días posteriores fue felicitada en distintas audiencias por el Rey Alfonso XIII, la Reina Victoria Eugenia, el presidente del Gobierno, Ministro de la Guerra y Comisario Regio de la Cruz Roja, distinguida y recompensada por dicha acción. Por este hecho heroico el impacto en los medios de comunicación del comienzo de esta nueva forma de trasporte sanitario fue mayor. La trayectoria de esta enfermera coincide con el comienzo de la enfermería profesional en España. Este suceso transcendente para la historia de la Medicina, la Aviación y la Enfermería española ha quedado en el olvido por los profesionales sanitarios de esta disciplina no habiéndose recogido en profundidad en ninguna publicación

The night of November, 1 1922 represented the starting point of Healthcare Aviation in Spain. Fort the first time, a full surgical team travelled, by three military aircraft, from the aerodrome of Nador (Melilla) to Dar-Drius in order to attend the numerous wounded resulting from the combats along the Tizzi Azza front line. The historic importance of the flight was coupled by the fact of counting on the voluntary nurse Elvira López Maurín who, due to her gender, did not have to fly in the aircraft at that time. Her brave attitude and her eagerness to help the wounded beyond the limits of duty were considered a heroic action by the media. Some days later, she was both congratulated in several ceremonies (by their Majesties King Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenia, the President of the Government, the Ministre of War and the Red Cross Royal Deputy), distinguished and rewarded. Her heroism was directly responsible for the increasing impact in the media of this new way of transportation. The vital trajectory of this nurse coincides with the initial development of professional nursing in Spain, this event being essential for the Spanish History of Medicine, Aviation and Nursing although it has remained obscured and forgotten by healthcare professionals for it has not been recorded in any publication so far

The History of Simulation and Its Impact on the Future.

Simulation has had a long and varied history in many different fields, including aviation and the military. A look into the past to briefly touch on some of the major historical aspects of simulation in aviation, military, and health care will give readers a broader understanding of simulation's historical roots and the relationship to patient safety. This review may also help predict what the future may hold for simulation in nursing. Health care, like aviation, is driven by safety, more specifically patient safety. As the link between simulation and patient safety becomes increasingly apparent, simulation will be adopted as the education and training method of choice for such critical behaviors as communication and teamwork skills.

Risk factors for injuries during airborne static line operations.

US Army airborne operations began in World War II. Continuous improvements in parachute technology, aircraft exit procedures, and ground landing techniques have reduced the number of injuries over time from 27 per 1,000 descents to about 6 per 1,000 jumps. Studies have identified a number of factors that put parachutists at higher injury risk, including high wind speeds, night jumps, combat loads, higher temperatures, lower fitness, heavier body weight, and older age. Airborne injuries can be reduced by limiting risker training (higher wind speeds, night jumps, combat load) to the minimum necessary for tactical and operational proficiency. Wearing a parachute ankle brace (PAB) will reduce ankle injuries without increasing other injuries and should be considered by all parachutists, especially those with prior ankle problems. A high level of upper body muscular endurance and aerobic fitness is not only beneficial for general health but also associated with lower injury risk during airborne training.

World War I: an air war of consequence.

On December 17, 1903, the brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright flew the world's first successful airplane, following this with the first military airplane in 1908. (The 1908 Flyer was built by the brothers in response to a 1907 requirements specification for a 2-place aircraft capable of flying at 40 mph and able to be broken down and transported in a horse-drawn wagon. Technically, since it crashed during its demonstration program and was not formally delivered to the Army, it never became Army property. But the trials had been so impressive that the Army ordered a second, delivered in 1909.) Just six years later, Europe erupted in a general war. Often portrayed as a sideshow to the war on land and sea, the air war heralded the advent of mechanized warfare, the airplane being one of four great technological advances--the submarine, the tank, and radio communication--that, together, revolutionized military affairs. Aircraft reconnaissance influenced the conduct of military operations from the war's earliest days, and airborne observers routinely governed the fall of artillery barrages, crucially important in an artillery-dominant war.

[Military physician Colonel Robert Yout. Twenty years as a paratrooper medical officer]. / Le médecin-colonel Robert YOUT. Vingt ans de médecine parachutiste (1955-1975).

Robert Yout was born on June 15th, 1930. A rugby player and a member of the French Volleyball team, he was already an outstanding sportsman when he began his studies at the Health Services School in Lyons. His career as an army medical officer among the paratroopers was atypical. He spent many years among the most prestigious elite paratroopers of the French army: the 2nd REP, the 1st CHOC and the CINC (The Army Training School for Combat Swimmers) . When he retired, he was Head Doctor of the Paratroopers parent company: The Airborne School of Pau. For the army medical historian, Robert Yout is the perfect example of a man with an outstanding and remarkable career: A crack soldier, a brave army medical officer, a parachuting and diving pioneer and a sportsman of international class.